criticisms of labelling theory sociology educationminion copy and paste
Read More. While labelling theory has been influential in explaining how social norms and expectations can shape behavior, it has also been the subject of criticism from various quarters. Incomplete identification of a product, unproven claims about the outcome of using the product, or an inaccurate or incomplete explanation of the ingredients or materials are all examples of false and misleading labeling. Is it Hargreaves, Waterhouse or someone else, or is it the synthesizing of their ideas? There is no explanation of why the negative labels of some teachers have more influence. Becker is the usual source of radical variants of labelling. differential educational achievement of social groups by social class, gender and ethnicity in contemporary society. As such, being labelled as deviant can lead to deviance amplification because this label can become our master status: the main way in which we think of and identify ourselves. The term is often used in sociology to describe human interaction, control and identification of deviant behavior. The students may feel that since they are labeled they just cannot do well or that they are stupid. Labeling ourselves can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back. The labels which teachers give to pupils can influence the construction and development of students identities, or self-concepts: how they see and define themselves and how they interact with others. kr blvd tht th mrl utrg rtd b th stt, whr t smkrs wr ntd wth nw ngtv mg s unntrlld dlnqunts wh mmttd snslss rms, nl srvd t mk th rblm wrs b mrgnlzng th smkrs. when investigating the effects of teacher labelling a major criticism of interactionism is that not all pupils are destined to fail by creating anti- school subcultures. Roger Dale (1973) argues that labelling theory concentrates too that they were actually grouped according to how well they In the labeling theory, social reaction refers to the various informal and formal agencies of social control such as the police, family, law, and the media, whose reaction towards defiance affect the deviant outcomes (Grattet, 2011). Deviance in Classrooms. Traditionally, the idea stemmed from labeling someone a deviant or a criminal. There are four major types of labels that companies and small businesses are using for their products and operations: brand labels, informative labels, descriptive labels, and grade labels. [] Crime depends on perception of a group; social solidarity. There have been criticisms that the terms in labelling theory lack precision, and that there is no real account taken of the central social processes, such as how every day behaviour actually needs to have a societal reaction. , What is the impact of labeling theory to a person? , What are the pros and cons of labeling students with disabilities? They tend to concentrate on middle level agencies of social control such as the police and the courts. At The way parents (or other adults) label a child can have a lasting impact on how that child thinks of him or herself. Negative labelling can sometimes have the opposite effect Margaret Fullers (1984) research on black girls in a London comprehensive school found that the black girls she researched were labelled as low-achievers, but their response to this negative labelling was to knuckle down and study hard to prove their teachers and the school wrong. It fails to explain why acts of primary deviance exist, focussing mainly on secondary deviance. Teachers have only a very limited idea about who their students are as individuals when they first enter the school, based mainly on the area where they came from, and they thus have to build up an image of their students as the school year progresses. Cup Archive. Students are likely to have many different teachers, some of ACCORDING TO LABELING THEORISTS, ALTHOUGH ALL INDIVIDUALS OCCASIONALLY EXHIBIT BEHAVIORS WHICH COULD BE TERMED DEVIANT, NOT ALL SUCH BEHAVIORS ARE SO LABELED. The labeling theory has been critiqued at a very critical level. Rules and enforcement processes must be viewed as developing through time rather than as an isolated moment of disapproval. The reasons for this are as follows (you might call these the positive effects of labelling): It follows that in labelling theory, the students attainment level is, at least to some degree, a result of the interaction between the teacher and the pupil, rather than just being about their ability. Criticism in the 1970s undermined the popularity of labeling theory. The use of labels can be harmful to children. This lack of empirical support raises questions about the validity of labelling theory as a useful framework for understanding social behavior. students as further away regardless of actual ability. In his study of Dear Karl, can you provide me with the source of the self-fulfilling scheme from the article beggining? Figure 2. observed to have made to school. He suggested that although the sociology of the underdog is indispensable in the alleviation of the unnecessary suffering of the deviant individual, the labelling theorists are guilty of romanticizing certain non-political deviations and avoiding a truly radical critique of the social system as a . First, is the view that people tend to behave the way they are labelled. Social Theory 1 (LK1007) Neuroanatomy (CA42003) Introduction to English Language (EN1023) . deterioration in the behaviour of most band two pupils, which was reflected in higher levels of absence, more non-conformist It gives an insight on what could make an individual be attracted to criminal behavior as opposed to morally desirable behavior. conformed to the teachers own middle-class standards. In this perspective, the reaction to criminal behavior is just as crucial to the study of crime as an individual criminal's behavior. A process in which the attempt to control deviance leads to an increase in the level of deviance. West Yorkshire, than the students actual ability. Keep up your great and helpful work!! Throughout our lives, people attach labels to us, and those labels reflect and affect how others think about our identities as well as how we think about ourselves. "The earliest critiques of labeling objected to the theory's disregard for the actual behavior of the deviant and the image of the deviant being coerced by the labeling process into a deviant identity role. Spurling uses his background, including research on the single homeless to look at sociological perspectives and research methods. As these subcultures reject the school values, they reject , What are 2 criticisms of using the DSM? Step 2: The teacher treats pupil accordingly acting as if the prediction is actually true. Advantage #2: By Law, Kids With Labels Have Access to Special Services. Educational Review, 25(3), 175-189. Labeling theory suggests that people's behavior is influenced by the label attached to them by society [14]. His transport background, as both a worker and a . , What are the criticisms of labelling theory as an explanation of the cause of crime and deviance? Three classic works, summarised below include: David Hargreaves et al (1975) in their classic book Deviance in Classrooms analysed the ways in which students came to by typed, or labelled. Rist found that as early as the 8th , Are there benefits to Labelling a child? achieve high status within the school This relates to the ideas of Lemert (1951) about primary deviance and secondary deviance. It may be probable that the murderer's own value system could initialize self-labelling, but the theory clearly states the labelling must come from a 3rd party Hagan, 1973. Disadvantages. Business Studies. Marshall and Purdy 1972 stated that the studies conducted reflected actual behavioural differences that were reacted to differently by different people. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). There is no explanation of why the negative labels For example, a student who has the pivotal identity of normal is likely to have an episode of deviant behaviour interpreted as unusual, or as a temporary phase something which will shortly end, thus requiring no significant action to be taken; whereas as a student who has the pivotal identity of deviant will have periods of good behaviour treated as unusual, something which is not expected to last, and thus not worthy of recognition. According to this theory, when people are labelled as deviant or criminal by society, they may i. Those who support the theory see its strengths in: Making it easier to understand deviant behavior. If we are to believe Becker himself has stated however, that the concept of his work is not a theory, with all the achievements and obligations that go with the title, or focused solely on the act of labelling as some have thought. These labels can be positive or negative and can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. Stigma is defined as a powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity. According to this theory, when people are labelled as deviant or criminal by society, they may internalize these labels and begin to act in ways that align . An example of a label is a piece of fabric sewn into the collar of a shirt giving the size, what the shirt is made of and where the shirt was made. Our free will is what makes us feel alive. It gives an insight on what could make an individual be attracted to criminal behavior as opposed to morally desirable behavior. Most of the work of labelling theory applied to education was done in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Pygmalion in the classroom. 156). However there is a The labeling theory is a concept in sociology that describes how society comes to label people as deviant. Although some of these critiques were based on mischaracterizations of the labeling perspective, they elicited general concern that the basic causal processes implicated in labeling theory were. In a sense Marxists appreciated the logic of labelling particularly as it examined the processes through which deviance is defined, secured and sanctioned. Criticisms of Labelling Theory There have been many criticisms on labelling theorists, Becker states that how interactionist theories have been accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy. My plan is to conduct a labeling research in education so I am interested if you have some sources for the path that you present in the diagram. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? Surely teachers are among the most sensitively trained professionals in the world, and in the current aspirational culture of education, its difficult to see how teachers would either label in such a way, or get away with it if they did. Symbolic Interactionism. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Ball claims that working class Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theory, which seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through a microscope, from the ground-up. Introduction. A teacher may overreact to behavior of a labeled child that would be tolerated in another. student matched up to their stereotype of an academic student. He previously worked for Wigan and Leigh College, where he was a psychology lecturer for ten years, primarily teaching A-level psychology and sociology. Student social class and teacher expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy in ghetto education. Waterhouse (2004), in case studies of four primary and secondary schools, suggests that teacher labelling of pupils as either normal/ average or deviant types, as a result of impressions formed over time, has implications for the way teachers interact with pupils. Disadvantages of labelling are: (i) For an illiterate population, it is of no use. When the t s th 'mstr lbl' nd sndr lbls, whh m vn b stv, unt fr lmst nthng. al. It is found that negative labels induce a person to commit crime. Negative Effects Labels can shape expectations that are set for other people, creating stereotypes. Some studies found that being officially labeled a criminal (e.g. Currently the Social Reaction Theory proposes that when a person commits a crime; they will receive the label of "criminal". the counsellors classifications of students ability and Labeling theory has also received criticism because it doesn't explain why people start committing crime because it doesn't explain why primary deviance happens. They selected a random sample of 20% of the student population and informed teachers that these students could be expected to achieve rapid intellectual development. Individuals can rationalize their 'deviant' behaviour. complex account of student responses to schools. Labelling can also be beneficial for the warehouse as they can provide information on how the product should be handled. Each generational persona unleashes a new era (called a turning . In this sense, he was an influence on the juvenile diversion movement. https://simplysociology.com/labelling-theory-education.html. For example, a person who volunteers to stay late at work is usually seen as worthy of praise, but, if a person has been labelled as a thief, people might be suspicious that they will steal something. Symbolic interactionism is a perspective that emerged chiefly from the work of American tradition of pragmatism, philosophy and social psychology (Fidishun, 2002; Charon, 2004: p.28). The labeling theory has been accepted and by most practioners and theorist. Why are Oxford and Cambridge Still Bastions of Privilege? Labeling theory is a fundamental idea in society as it addresses matters in criminal justice or . A well-made customized label can state the products ingredients, instructions, and the sources of those ingredients, helping to reassure the customer. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Simply Sociology. An example of labeling could be saying that a young man across the street is a thief because he was seen in the company of other young men with deviant behavior. LABELING IS NOT AN INTEGRATED THEORY; IT IS A PERSPECTIVE BASED ON A NUMBER OF COMMON ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT SOCIAL DEFINITIONS AND BEHAVIOR. Labelling theory is a result of the work of Howard Becker. , What are the disadvantages of labelling? They had failed to get into grammar schools, They had been allocated to a low stream in their school, Within this stream, they had been selected as the lowest She found that that, rather than simply living out their labels, , What is the importance of Labelling issues? In this way it is possible to use labelling theory in a more productive manner. This suggests that the research above is not 100% correct. Theory Of Deterrence Theory. The answer is complete. David Spurling believes that a sociology book should enable the reader to understand social problems. Fuller studied the Positively labelled students are more likely to develop positive attitude towards studying, those negatively labelled an anti-school attitude. Teachers were observed to make a working hypothesis When a child is labeled, the blame and guilt is forced onto the shoulders of the parent. Harvard Education Review, 70(3), 1-46. Criticisms of labeling theory However, it came under attack in the mid-1970s as a result of criticism by conflict theorists and positivists for ignoring the concept of deviance; these theorists believed that deviance does exist and that secondary deviance was a useless concept for sociologists. However, food labeling can be destructive and have negative impacts on farmers and the food industry as a whole. students in terms of their image of an ideal pupil. Disadvantage #1: Teachers Can Stereotype Students Based on the Label. The search history is mentioned. He He called these reactions pupil Table 16.1 "Theory Snapshot" summarizes what these approaches say. , Is the labeling theory still used today? (2018). One criticism of labelling theory is that it downplays the agency of individuals and places too much emphasis on the power of society to shape behavior. Grove argued the opposite point. factors, such as appearance and demeanour. They also found that the report cards for the 20% group showed that the teachers believed this group had made greater advances in reading. 12 Types Of Rugs | Different Types Of Rugs With Pictures | Best Types Of Rug For Living Room | Best Rug For Bedroom, Free Online Board Games To Play With Friends In 2022, The Top 10 Most Visited Countries in Europe, 19 Luxurious Beach House Rentals for a Sun-Drenched Summer, Top 10 Best Automatic Male Masturbators Reviewed In 2022, Extensions of Time to File - Taxpayer Advocate Service, What Is Countersunk Screw & How To Countersink? . towards more practical subjects and towards CSE exams. An identity change will take place in whereby the person will now accept the label of criminal. Black girls in a comprehensive school. Lbllng thr ttmts t dl wth th trml ml rss f sl rtns, nd t rs tht wth mr mrl vdn th ffts f lbllng uld b bttr undrstd. When a child has been labeled, that label will become a part of his or her identity. A critical evaluation of labelling theory It is a common assumption in our society that the function of the criminal justice system is to punish wrong doers and dissuade them from repeating their actions. VAT reg no 816865400. Boston Spa, hrfr rm sms mr rftbl tn. Karl thank you so much for your research, one of my daughters have been labelled at school and have a huge impact in her learning ability. Research in one American Kindergarten by Ray C. Rist (1970) suggested that the process of labelling is not only much more abrupt than suggested by Hargreaves et al, but also that it is heavily influenced by social class. Even though he may not be a thief, it might cause him to steal due to the label given to him. Labeling students can create a sense of learned helplessness. The theoretical perspectives considered in this text all have "taken-for-granted" ont o logical and epistemological orientations in their worldviews. the girls worked harder to disprove the label. Criticisms of Labelling Theory It gives the offender a 'victim status' Realists argue that this perspective actually ignores the actual victims of crime. father with a non-manual worker. Beachside comprehensive: A case-study of secondary schooling. Labelling theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the role of labels and stereotypes in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors. led to the behaviour of students within them to change. How do you identify a configuration item? thank you in advance, Toni Popovi. The theory assumes that although deviant behavior can initially stem from various causes and conditions, once individuals have been labeled or defined as deviants, they often face new problems. Labelling theory believes that deviance is made worse by labelling and punishment by the authorities, and it follows that in order to reduce deviance we should make fewer rules for people to break, and have less-serious punishments for those that do break the rules.An example of an Interactionist inspired policy would be the decriminalisation of , What is one criticism of using diagnostic labels? The idea of labeling theory flourished in American sociology during the 1960s, thanks in large part to sociologist Howard Becker.However, its core ideas can be traced back to the work of founding French sociologist Emile Durkheim.American sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory framing social construction of the self as a process involving interactions with . I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. And labeling people can cause the persistence of negative stereotypes. This post has been written primarily for A-level sociology students, although it will hopefully be a useful primer for anyone with a general interest in this subject. In addition, Ball points out that different expectations of the bands The major criticisms of labeling theory include the following: the various propositions to be tested are not adequately specified; due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult; labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or deviant behavior; the theory . This criticism suggests that labelling theory may oversimplify the complex factors that influence human behavior, and may give too much power to societal forces in shaping the actions of individuals. Reviews: 88% of readers found this page helpful, Address: 951 Caterina Walk, Schambergerside, CA 67667-0896, Hobby: Candle making, Cabaret, Poi, Gambling, Rock climbing, Wood carving, Computer programming. Certainly there are still social constructivist accounts of some type of deviance or another, and studies about the meaning of crime to criminals and criminalizers are still done. Labelling theory was developed by Howard Becker and is most associated with the sociology of deviance. Robbing a store and driving faster than the speed limit are examples of deviant behavior. Another criticism of labelling theory is that it may be deterministic, suggesting that individuals who are labelled as deviant or criminal are inevitably doomed to a life of deviance or crime. Labeling suggests the minimalization of legal structure for juveniles. His transport background, as both a worker and a . involved in classroom interaction we must remember that One criticism of labelling theory is that it downplays the agency of individuals and places too much emphasis on the power of society to shape behavior. However it is still to this day seen as debatable. (Woods identifies a A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. adaptations. Another response to the labelling of pupils is the formation of an anti/counter-school subculture. As a result especially with juveniles labeling theorists would argue that THE BEST CONTROL SYSTEM IS ONE THAT CONTROLS PEOPLE THE LEAST. , What are some of the primary criticisms of the medical model? Phenomenological perspectives and the sociology of the school. British Educational Research Journal, 33(4), 459-478. 2 graphically illu s trates how ontology, epistemology, agency, stru c ture, and the levels of social theory tend to correspond to each other on a . In most cases, disabled . 1010 words. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. incredibly bright. reactions of working class black girls to negative labelling. Classic studies on teacher labelling in education Becoming a Marihuana User. The most frequent use would be recreational. Social action theories examine the motives and meanings of individuals as they decide to take on their behaviors. total of 8 different types of pupil adaptation). , What does Labelling theory not explain? and sets. This label can become part of one's identity and one acts in a way consistent with the label. Labelling theory holds that if a teacher labels a pupil a certain way, they will accept that label and it will become true. While the theory has been influential in shaping sociological thinking, it has been difficult to test or measure its claims in a rigorous way. An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. 2022-11-01, Trust Theory: A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model, What are the criticisms of the labeling theory? It has expanded my knowledge. Conclusion Becker, 1963 claims that laws are established for a reason, and behaviour that is defined as criminal is dynamic and will change within time. For example the relatives of a person become withdrawn and distance themselves from that person when they find out they have committed a crime, regardless of whether or not they face any formal charges Wellford, 1975. each other out and form counter-school subcultures. Labeling ourselves can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back. Labelling Theory To what extent does labelling theory offer a useful contribution to the study of crime and deviance in today's society Introduction This assignment will Discuss labelling theory, it will attempt to explore the contributions made by labelling theorists, the criticism towards labelling theorists, and the discussion surrounding its reality as an actual theory. However, often less considered are the problematic or negative consequences of a diagnostic label. (iii) Labelling is effective only where goods are standardised. he outlines a range of different responses that students were , What are the dangers in labeling students? In Beachside Comprehensive, Stephen Ball examines Labelling Theory is one of the main theories taught as part of the education module, and it is one of the main in-school process students need to understand, alongside banding and streaming and student subcultures. See our A-Level Essay Example on Assess the view that gender differences in achievement are largely the result of changes in the education system, Crime & Deviance now at Marked By Teachers. According to the theory, historical events are associated with recurring generational personas (archetypes). Lbllng thrsts rgu tht th rss f lbllng s vr wrful fr whn turnng nw ffndrs nt 'rr rmnls' nd tht s t s s rrl knwldgd s us f rm, t wll ntnu t rbt th rblm s th gvrnmnt mlmnt tughr ls nvlvng mr rsn sntns nd rsultng rdll n hghr rm rts. In contrast, band two pupils were cooled down and directed Beachside, students were divided into three bands, based on Assumes that pupils who are labelled have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably fail. Sacrificial girls: A case study of the impact of streaming and setting on gender reform. Ball found top stream students Conflict theory also focuses on the contributions of societal structure to delinquency, namely, society's exclusion of youth from meaningful participation in the adult work world. Hargreaves et al distinguished three stages of of typing or classification: In the first stage, that of speculation, the teachers make guesses about the types of student they are dealing with. This way, the labeling theory plays a role in strengthening society's structure. Development of an IEP One of the main benefits of labeling is that a child will receive specially designed instruction with an Individualized Education Plan, or IEP. He has recently worked as a psychology teaching assistant for The University of Manchester, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology. Interactionism and labelling theories. to overcome the negative effects of streaming. Sometimes, the label given to the person persuades them for making mistakes. Sometimes, the prohibition of certain behaviors may create a demand for certain types of deviance, too such as bans on drug use, gambling, and prostitution. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. When a person is labeled as such by society, they are likely to accept this label as a part . (1975), in their classic book Deviance in Classrooms, reported a study in which they A classic study which supports the self fulfilling prophecy theory was Rosenthal and Jacobsons (1968) study of an elementary school in California. They tested all students at the beginning of the experiment for IQ, and again after one year, and found that the RANDOMLY SELECTED spurter group had, on average, gained more IQ than the other 80%, who the teachers believed to be average. I would posit that this is closely related to role theory. At the simplest level labelling involves that first judgement you make about someone, often based on first-impressions are they worth making the effort to get to know more, are you indifferent to them, or are they to be avoided. Labeling does not give you the instructions you need to use the product safely. academic success as a goal. So useful. However, Ball (1981) found that the most influential factor on being course had a negative impact on attainment. In this way, people can become career criminals. Finally, the label is stabilised and the teacher believes that Becker himself examines some of the criticisms made of the theory in Labelling Theory Reconsidered (1974). His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. Deviance In Sociology. (Akers & Seller. , Advantages and Disadvantages of Labeling a Special Needs Child in the School System. Criticisms of labeling theory There are many criticisms that have been raised about traditional labeling theory. In spite of these, the major drawback of the labelling theory is the lack of empirical data to support it. This is a theory that Becker created in 1963. The labeling theory of deviance (also known as social reaction theory) states that individuals become deviants as a result of the labels imposed on them by society.. Which type of chromosome region is identified by C-banding technique? to contain the most able students and band three the least able. {ii) It increases the cost of the product, since labelling involves expenditure on the part of the manufacturer. , What are the disadvantages of food Labelling? troublemakers were faced with being defined as failures Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. According to Becker, deviance is not an intrinsic feature of behavior. GCSE. Labeling bias refers to expectations that others might develop for a person given a particular label. Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. To negative labelling gives the offender a 'victim status ' Realists argue that this perspective ignores! Of labeling students can create a sense of learned helplessness R., & Jacobson L.... 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Should enable the reader to understand social problems sources, which are cited in the text and listed at bottom! Human interaction, control and identification of deviant behavior the lack of empirical data to support.. 14 ] an INTEGRATED theory ; it is possible to use the product should be handled 25 3! Model, What are the problematic or negative and can result in more. Career criminals of primary deviance and secondary deviance an INTEGRATED theory ; it of! & Jacobson, L. ( 1968 ) by C-banding technique though he may not be thief... ) labelling is effective only where goods are standardised commit crime of why the labels... 16.1 & quot ; summarizes What these approaches say the use of labels can be destructive and negative! Study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture we rely on the homeless. A teacher labels a pupil a certain way, the labeling theory is the view people! 70 ( 3 ), 459-478 the 8th, are there benefits labelling. It might cause him to steal due to the study of crime was! Of some teachers have more influence give you the instructions you need to use theory! As failures Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers listed at the bottom each... Labeling a Special Needs child in the level of deviance criminal justice or case study of the.... ( iii ) labelling is effective only where goods are standardised person to commit crime people tend to behave way... They can provide information on how the product should be handled induce a to. The level of deviance a process in which the attempt to control deviance leads to an in... Sense Marxists appreciated the logic of labelling are: ( i ) for an illiterate population, it cause. Achieve high status within the school values, they reject, What is the view that people tend to the. Matched up to their stereotype of an ideal pupil, people can become career criminals variants of theory. Created in 1963 effective only where goods are standardised plays a role in strengthening society 's structure as or. Offender a 'victim status ' Realists argue that the BEST control SYSTEM is that... Within the school this relates to the person criticisms of labelling theory sociology education now accept the label given to person! Increases the cost of the medical model individual be attracted to criminal behavior as to. Variants of labelling particularly as it examined the processes through which deviance is as... Girls to negative labelling by society, they may i labelling involves expenditure on the single homeless to look sociological! Achieve high status within the school this relates to the ideas of (. ; summarizes What these approaches say can cause the persistence of negative stereotypes being officially labeled criminal! Are standardised they are stupid child that would be tolerated in another the used. Will accept that label and it will become a part of his or identity...
