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Dorothea Dix Hospital Careers and Employment About the company Headquarters Raleigh , NC Link Dorothea Dix Hospital website Learn more Rating overview Rating is calculated based on 22 reviews and is evolving. Studies had shown that long term placement in large institutions did not help them get well. Furthermore, with the new drug therapy, many patients were released and follow-up care in the communities where they lived was needed. There were apartments for the medical staff on the second floor of the main building. "[7] But in 2009, the state announced that Dorothea Dix Hospital would not be closing and would not be a "satellite" of CRH. In 1924 a moving picture machine was added to the patient Amusement Hall. Dancing and music had become an important form of entertainment by this time. I worked in personnel screening Healthcare Tech, Nurses, Dr's and housekeepers's credentials for hire. Dorothea Dix's advocacy on behalf of people experiencing mentally illness was inspired in part by her own experience with major depression. Dorothea Dix had refused to let the projected hospital be named after her, as many felt it should be. The following Facts about Dorothea Dix will talk about the American activist who struggled to increase the life of the poor mentally ill people. While traveling across the South in late 1860, Dix heard secessionists rage at Lincoln. Also included are receipts and some correspondence related to the receipts. The first patient arrived at Dix Hill in February 1856, and was diagnosed with "suicidal mania.". Ardythe "Ardy" Ann Wiggins, 81 years old, passed away on Saturday, Jan. 14, 2023. Dorothea Dix continued to lobby for reform until her death in 1887 at the New Jersey State Hospital, Morris Plains, New Jersey--the first hospital to be built as a result of her efforts, some forty years earlier. There were 282 hospital buildings equipped to handle 2,756 patients. Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 July 17, 1887) was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. Her life spanned most of the 19th century. Dorothea Dix Hospital - Interactive History Timeline by Thomas Goldsmith October 11, 2016 Dorothea Dix Hospital was known for almost a century as a lunatic asylum, as seen here in the inset to the 1872 "Bird's Eye View" map of Raleigh. During the occupation General William T. Sherman toured the asylum. . After returning to America, in 1840-41 Dix conducted a statewide investigation of care for the mentally ill poor in Massachusetts. 754 of the 958 graves were identified. The Dorothea Dix School of Nursing opened in 1902 with eight female students. It would finally be the cause of her death. Business Outlook. She returned to Boston after two years, but . Dorothea had a practical approach as well as an idealistic one. In 1851, the first commissioners of the "Insane Hospital of North Carolina" reported to the legislature: "They selected a site for the said building and after carefully examining the whole country in the vicinity of Raleigh, they chose a location west of the city and about one mile distant, on a hill near Rocky Branch to provide a water supply. Dorothea Dr. & Lake Wheeler Rd., Raleigh, North Carolina, Health/Medicine, Landscape Architecture, Architecture. Salary: $130,811.20 - $173,035.20 yr.Position Number: 03200-0001. Dorothea Dix Superintendent of Union Nurses . By 1875 the hospital was already over capacity with 25 patients over its 225 patient capacity. Her objects were the wretch insane her field was the world her thought the relief of the suffering her success was their redemption, and her crown shall be the gift of Him like whom she "went about doing good". By 2010 the hospital stopped acccepting new adult patients, and in 2015 Raleigh and the State of North carolina made a deal to turn the rest of the hospital property into a park; the hospital officially closed in July 2015. https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2016/10/11/dorothea-dix-hospital-interactive-history-timeline/. Thanks to her efforts, countless lives were saved and improved. History [ edit] Dorothea Dix Weekday Public Parking can be found on the Dix Park Visitor Map. She was also introduced to the reform movement for care of the mentally ill in Great Britain, known as lunacy reform. New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1991. The hospital began a decline by 1984 with 1000 acres given to NC State University and 60 acres to Raleigh in 1997. Yet at this point, chance and the results of Dorothea's kindness and concern for others brought success for the measure. Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center. In an effort to reduce the increasing number of patients, the legislature mandated the transfer of the insane criminals back to the central penitentiaries in the 1890's. Union nurse Cornelia Hancock wrote about the experience: "There are no words in the English language to express the suffering I witnessed today."[36], She was well respected for her work throughout the war because of her dedication. After the construction of Broughton Hospital ca. Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 - July 17, 1887) was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. This enabled the students to learn more about the patients and provide additional services to the patients. Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center, formerly known as Bangor Mental Health Institute, located in Bangor, Maine, is one of two State of Maine operated psychiatric hospitals under the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). This collection contains documents related to Dorothea Dix Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina, for the years 1849 to 1946. Every evening and morning they were dressed." This cemetery served as the final resting place for the many impoverished patients who were laid to rest on the grounds of the facility which treated them. Her work resulted in the establishment of some twenty hospitals for the insane across the world and changing the view of insanity from a draconian one to a moral one. Marble posts with a chain along the line of graves were built. Durham Fire Department also sent personnel. In 1949 first year medical students were given summer jobs in the occupational and recreational therapy departments. After the construction of Broughton Hospital ca. The hospital was renamed "Dix Hill" after Dorothea Dix's grandfather, Dr. Elijah Dix, because Dix refused to accept the honor. Angel of Mercy: The Story of Dorothea Lynde Dix. Dorothea Dix (born April 4, 1802) was perhaps the most effective advocate of reform in American mental institutions during the nineteenth century. [8] Her book The Garland of Flora (1829) was, along with Elizabeth Wirt's Flora's Dictionary, one of the first two dictionaries of flowers published in the United States. [26], Dix visited the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1853 to study its care of the mentally ill. During her visit, she traveled to Sable Island to investigate reports of mentally ill patients being abandoned there. In 1848, Dorothea Dix visited North Carolina and called for reform in the care of mentally ill patients. Dorothea Dix Hospital was a hospital that housed mentally challenged patients. Dorothea Dix and the English Origins of the American Asylum Movement. Stung by the defeat of her land bill, in 1854 and 1855 Dix traveled to England and Europe. Two years later a building was erected for this purpose. They also installed a sausage factory. Changes in the way patients were cared for continued to reduce the patient population at Dix to below 700 by the early 2000s. The number of student nurses decreased so much that by the third year the nursing education program was discontinued with the last class graduating in 1949. In April 1865, Union . How old was Dorothea Dix at death? Lowe, Corinne. During business hours Monday-Friday, please use public parking areas only. [28], In 1854, Dix investigated the conditions of mental hospitals in Scotland, and found them to be in similarly poor conditions. During World War II the Dorothea Dix School of Nursing became a member of the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps, increasing student enrollment by sixty percent. [25], The high point of her work in Washington was the Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane, legislation to set aside 12,225,000 acres (49,473km2) of Federal land 10,000,000 acres (40,000km2) to be used for the benefit of the mentally ill and the remainder for the "blind, deaf, and dumb". Dorothea Lynde Dix remained there until her death on July 17, 1887, at the age of 85. A hospital farm was established to provide food for patients and staff. Low water pressure prevented the firemen from extinguishing the fire quickly. After traveling to Europe in 1836, she started to get interested in social reform. The report submitted to the legislature was a county-by-county report on her findings. [28] Dix took up a similar project in the Channel Islands, finally managing the building of an asylum after thirteen years of agitation. The death of Miss Dorothea Lynde Dix in 1887 was strongly felt by the staff of the asylum. The origin of the fire was believed to be a blowtorch used in soldering tin by workmen who were repairing the roof. Historical American biographies. In 2000, it was decided that Dix Hill must shut down. The master plan includes refurbishing the original main building. They purchased the 182 acres from Maria Hunter Hall and Sylvester Smith for $1,944.63. Dorothea Dix was a social reformer whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread international reforms. Main Image Gallery: Dorothea Dix Hospital. 656 State Street, Bangor, ME, 04401-5609 In addition to pursuing prisons reforms after the civil war, she also worked on improving life-saving services in Nova Scotia, establishing a war memorial at Hampton Roads in Virginia and a fountain for thirsty horses at the Boston Custom Square. By 1880, Dix was responsible for creating 32 of the 123 mental hospitals existing in the US at that time. Dix urgently appealed to the legislature to act and appropriate funds to construct a facility for the care and treatment of the mentally ill. She cited a number of cases to emphasize the importance of the state taking responsibility for this class of unfortunates. A bill was written and reached the floor of the assembly on December 21, 1848. Movies were loaned for free by local merchants. In 1962 the Federal Community Mental Health Centers Act provided funding for follow-up services for released patients in their own communities. The pope was receptive to Dix's findings and visited the asylums himself, shocked at their conditions. The original geographical area of responsibility has been reduced from all of North Carolina to that being the psychiatric hospital for the seventeen-county of South Central Region, under the general supervision of a regional director and the direction of the hospital director. 2 As a tireless patient advocate who surveyed the needs of inmates with mental illness and prisoners, she used objective data to compel legislators to actiona model that resonates today. Earth bids farewell to this great spirit, who has given, if possible new beauty to the name of woman, and new splendor to the deeds of charity.". Hook shaped it in the 1920s. Muckenhoupt, Margaret. Allen is especially interested in the supposed causes and diagnoses of patients, and how that connection relates to the understanding of mental . [17], She gave as an example a man formerly respected as a legislator and jurist, who, suffering from mental decline, fell into hard times in old age. Dix's life came full circle when she passed away in 1887, after a six year stay in the state hospital in Trenton, New Jersey. It was purchased by the state from Mrs. Elizabeth Grimes. These commissioners were John M. Morehead of Guildford County, Calvin Graves of Caswell County, Thomas W. Cameron of Cumberland County, George W. Mordecai and Charles L. Hinton of Wake County, and Josiah O. Watson of Johnston County. The bill passed the House in late December and the Senate, December 30, 1848. The hospital is the setting for "Dix Hill," David Sedaris' reminiscence of working there as a volunteer in his youth, published in his collection, Naked. In 1844, Governor Morehead strongly recommended that the state build institutions for the unfortunate insane, blind and deaf; but the issue died without positive action. Dix discovered him lying on a small bed in a basement room of the county almshouse, bereft of even necessary comforts. She died on July 17, 1887 and is buried in Cambridge Massachusetts. She went at once and set about nursing and comforting her. The time period covered by these papers documents the founding of the hospital through land deeds and other legal papers. [1] Apr 12, 1861. Herstek, Amy Paulson. By 1911 a training school for the retarded in Kinston, NC removed these patients from the hospital. A map shows the extent of the hospital's property as of 1885. Wilson, Dorothy Clarke. [2] Her father was an itinerant bookseller and Methodist preacher. While she was there she met British social reformers who inspired her. [21], In 1848, Dix visited North Carolina, where she again called for reform in the care of mentally ill patients. [18], Dodd's resolution to authorize an asylum passed the following day. Pictured are the Hargrove Building (left) and McBryde Building (right) as viewed from Smithwick Drive. Dorothea Lynde Dix was a brave and passionate advocate for mental health care. At the beginning of the Civil War there were 193 patients. Their memories detail many instances of caring treatment by Dix professionals. Dorothea Dix, the most famous and . [9], Although raised Catholic and later directed to Congregationalism, Dix became a Unitarian. The school was incorporated in 1916. A cemetery was located on the asylum grounds. The type of hospital admission included voluntary commitment by which a patient could be released on his own written notice. Sep 16, 2018 - Explore IceOrchid's board "Dorothea Dix Hospital" on Pinterest. [27] The day after supplies arrived, a ship was wrecked on the island. By then, Dorothea Dix had helped save Lincoln from attempted murder. In 1881 she retired to the Trenton State Hospital, which had been built because of her efforts, where she died in 1887. . [28], At the end of the war, Dix helped raise funds for the national monument to deceased soldiers at Fortress Monroe. Dorothea Dix Hospital is now situated on a beautiful 425 acre tract of land, accentuated by oak and pecan trees, on the south side of the City of Raleigh. Jan 11, 2016 - Licensed Practical Nurse in Bangor, ME. There are more than 120 separate buildings on the site, many of which were constructed during 1910-1930 and 1960-1980. [1][15], This article is about the hospital in North Carolina. Involuntary commitment patients, by the court, have the right to a hearing in a District Court under specific conditions to determine if that patient could be released from the hospital. New buildings were erected financed by the Public Works Administration. Staying at the Mansion House Hotel in Raleigh, Dorothea learned of a woman lying critically ill in one of its rooms. The first state hospital built as a result of her efforts was located at Trenton, New Jersey. They tore down fences and burned them for firewood, as well as confiscating grain and livestock for food. The code also provided that patients have a right to treatment, to privacy, and the right to be treated with dignity. When the government did not provide the stores she wanted, she procured them as donations from private citizens. A bill of rights is posted in each state hospital. The Dorothea Dix Hospital was the first North Carolina psychiatric hospital located on Dix Hill in Raleigh, North Carolina and named after mental health advocate Dorothea Dix from New England. [9] In 1831, she established a model school for girls in Boston, operating it until 1836, when she suffered a breakdown. Females participated in making baskets, clothing, rugs, artificial flowers, and linens. A local Latin high school played several football games on hospital property, which provided additional entertainment for the patients. During the Civil War, she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses. The two million bricks in the asylum were made only two miles away. A tag contained the name of each person over his or her grave with the date of death. Dorothea Dix was born in Hampden, Maine on April 4, 1802. Such reports were largely unfounded. Dix had a biased view that mental illness was related to conditions of educated whites, not minorities (Dix, 1847). Georgeanna Woolsey, a Dix nurse, said, "The surgeon in charge of our camplooked after all their wounds, which were often in a most shocking state, particularly among the rebels. [12] It was also during this trip that she came across an institution in Turkey, which she used as a model institution despite its conditions being just like other facilities. Generations of Raleigh's forgotten people have been buried on that land. In 1866, Rowland was admitted to Dorothea Dix Hospital where he remained for 16 years. Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 - July 17, 1887) was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. REFERENCES 1. Dr. Edward Fisher in 1853 was appointed Superintendent. The male school did not succeed because the salaries were too low to induce males to continue their work and study for the three-year training period. The Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS) is dedicated to promoting health, safety, resilience, and opportunity for Maine people. Two years later the hospital purchased a used $15,000 greenhouse from the Westbrook Sanitarium in Richmond, Virginia for $500. Journal Of The Illinois State Historical Society (1998-), Ivan, P.P. [13][14] The property is now operated as a city park and is open to the public. She returned to Raleigh and compiled the information she had gathered into a "memorial" which she hoped to present to the legislature. On May 5, 2015, the Council of State members voted unanimously to approve selling the 308 acres to the city. At this time the original main portion of the hospital was torn down and replaced. That year, Dr. George L. Kirby, Superintendent of the State Hospital of Raleigh, employed the first graduate nurse to teach student nurses and attendants. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Dorothea Dix Campus Map. In the forties the student nurses traveled to Morisania Hospital in New York City for their second year of education. Dix died in the New Jersey State Hospital on July 17, 1887, and was buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1926 a spectacular fire destroyed the main building and nine wards. This article is about the 19th-century activist. Additional diagnoses were added to the asylum admissions such as those persons with mental retardation. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Dix sprang into action. [13] It was during her time at the East Cambridge prison, that she visited the basement where she encountered four mentally ill individuals, whose cells were "dark and bare and the air was stagnant and foul". Coordinates: 35d 46m 22.9s N; 78d 39m 41.5s W Click here for Online Maps The following description is from the NC State DHHS web site. She was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She died on July 17, 1887. [7] Impairment of any of these are risk factors for mental disorders, or mental illnesses . During her trip in Europe and her stay with the Rathbone family, Dorothea's grandmother passed away and left her a "sizable estate, along with her royalties" which allowed her to live comfortably for the remainder of her life. Dorothea Dix Hospital was authorized in 1849 and named for Dorothea L. Dix, crusader for better care for the mentally ill. Difficulty never stopped her, distance never wearied her, opposition never daunted her, refusal never subdued her, pleasure never tempted her, ease never lured her, and fame never attracted her. [3][a] At the age of twelve, she and her two brothers were sent to their wealthy grandmother,[2] Dorothea Lynde (married to Dr. Elijah Dix)[4] in Boston to get away from her alcoholic parents and abusive father. An annex was added to Anderson Hall to provide additional housing for student nurses. Of particular interest are legal documents related to the establishment of the state hospital (1904 certified copy of 1849 document) and the 1885 (1907 certified copy) description and map of the lands of the hospital. The Corps recruited students in approved nursing schools to ease the nursing shortage. In 1866, she was awarded two national flags for her service in Civil War. Since then the hospital has been known in the Raleigh area as "Dix Hill". Students from State College also offered their assistance with the patients. During the session, she met with legislators and held group meetings in the evening at home. Unregulated and underfunded, this system resulted in widespread abuse. Dorothea Dix isn't closed yet, but it stopped admitting patients last week and is in the process of transferring all but about 30 high-risk patients, people who committed crimes and are housed. Other books of Dix's include Private Hours, Alice and Ruth, and Prisons and Prison Discipline. The Dorothea Dix Hospital was the first North Carolina psychiatric hospital located on Dix Hill in Raleigh, North Carolina and named after mental health advocate Dorothea Dix from New England. Dorothea Dix Hospital Cemetery Also known as State Hospital Cemetery Raleigh, Wake County , North Carolina , USA First Name Middle Name Last Name (s) Exact Exact Search this cemetery More search options Search tips Share Add Favorite Volunteer About Photos 13 Map See all cemetery photos About Get directions Raleigh , North Carolina , USA Heart's Work: Civil War Heroine and Champion of the Mentally Ill, Dorothea Lynde Dix. This act provided for only $7,000 with later appropriations to be made later and for the appointment of six commissioners to select a site and oversee the erection of the hospital. That same year the Dorothea Dix School of Nursing began to offer a three-month affiliation in psychiatric nursing for senior students in approved nursing schools. It was founded in 1856 and closed in 2012. The American civil rights leader was born in Hampden, Maine, in 1802 to Mary Bigelow and Joseph Dix. New markers were installed with the name of the patient and the date of death. Dorothea Dix was born in 1802 and started teaching in 1821. Born in Hamden, Maine, to a semi-invalid mother and an alcoholic Methodist preacher for a father, she fled at the age of 12 to live with her wealthy grandmother in Boston and her great aunt in Worcester. Nationality: . As of October 6, 2008, according to the News & Observer, state officials were calling the facility "Central Regional Hospital - Raleigh Campus. Schlaifer, Charles, and Lucy Freeman. This provided for a State Superintendent of Mental Hygiene. Literary rights to specific documents are retained by the authors or their descendants in accordance with U.S. copyright law. To help alleviate the situation, in May 2012, UNC agreed to spend $40 million on mental health services.[6]. [6] This move was made despite the fact that the hospital was operating well and that its closure meant that mental health patients would have no local, public facility to use for care. [citation needed], During the year 1844 Dix visited all the counties, jails and almshouses in New Jersey in a similar investigation. Blueprints in the oversized folder show an overhead pass for asylum summit from 1913. It was founded in 1856 and closed in 2012. The original building, an imposing Tuscan Revival temple with three-story flanking wings, was designed by A.J. Dorothea Dix: Advocate for Mental Health Care. These reformers included Elizabeth Fry, Samuel Tuke and William Rathbone with whom she lived during the duration of her trip in Europe. Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 - July 17, 1887) was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. New York: Paragon House, 1991. After her father's death in 1821, Dix used her income to support her mother and her two younger brothers . Period: Jan 1, 1836 to Dec 31, 1838. Dancing lessons were given to the nurses and male attendants and they gave them to the patients. Death Dorothea Dix died in 1887 at the age of 85 in a New Jersey hospital that had been established in her honor. Citizen pressure resulted in the State Mental Health Act of 1945. The site is now known as Dorothea Dix Park and serves as Raleigh's largest city park. Department of Health and Human Services 109 Capitol Street 11 State House Station Augusta, Maine 04333. These grants resulted in improved therapy so that many patients could be released sooner. She died in 1887. The Dorothea Dix Hospital was the first North Carolina psychiatric hospital located on Dix Hill in Raleigh, North Carolina and named after mental health advocate Dorothea Dix from New England. While there, she fell ill and spent the winter in Springfield recovering. Nevertheless, the North Carolina Legislature was not unaware of the concept of a state hospital for the mentally ill. [5] It has been suggested that Dorothea suffered from major depressive episodes, which contributed to her poor health. Dix was born on April 4, 1802, in Hampden, Maine. Dix continued to work tirelessly for mental health reform. The Union Army camped all over Raleigh and on the asylum grounds. She was buried . The site is now known as Dorothea Dix Park and serves as Raleigh's largest city park. Personnel Assistant (Former Employee) - Raleigh, NC - February 14, 2014. "[37] Dix ultimately founded thirty-two hospitals, and influenced the creation of two others in Japan. To serve the 3,000 plus patients yearly, the hospital employees a staff of 1,300 to cover the range of services necessary to operate a modern psychiatric hospital seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. One building was for the steam boiler and gas manufacturing which was combined with a laundry. Receipts and bills are also present and they mostly pertain to payments made by patients and their families to the hospital. All Raleigh firefighting equipment was on hand to battle the fire. To help remove the stigma for discharged patients of having been at a state hospital, an act was passed in 1959 by the North Carolina Legislature to change the names of the state hospitals. As a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requiring designation of public facilities, Dorothea Dix Hospital no longer served the eastern counties of North Carolina for the white and Indian mentally ill. June 7, 2018, 1 cubic foot;This collection (1849-1946) contains correspondence, deeds (1907 certified copies of earlier deeds going back to 1850), blueprints, proposals, and specifications related to the physical facilities at Dorothea Dix Hospital. She was the widow of William Grimes, a wealthy plantation owner from Eastern North Carolina. . Norbury, F.B. Hardy, Susan and Corones, Anthony, "The Nurses Uniform as Ethopoietic Fashion". She grew up with two younger brothers; Joseph and Charles Wesley Dix. She submitted a report to the January 1847 legislative session, which adopted legislation to establish Illinois' first state mental hospital. On February 22, 1856, the first patient was admitted suffering from "suicidal mania". In the first nine months, fifty-one males and thirty-nine females were admitted. Proceeds from its sale would be distributed to the states to build and maintain asylums. These were treated by many of Dix's nurses. "For more than a half of a century she stood in the vanguard of humanity, working valiantly and unceasingly for the stricken insane. Nationally-important architects Davis and A.G. Bauer worked on the campus in the 1800s, and noted North Carolina architect C.C. This tree border was built to obscure the view that had been left by an abandoned landfill. So, Dorothea Dix was 85 years old at the time of her death. The former hospital is now home to the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Ryan McBryde Building. The first committee made their report February 25, appealing to the New Jersey legislature to act at once. Dix was a strict captain, requiring that all of her nurses be over thirty, plain looking, and wear dull uniforms. The hospital grounds at one time included 2,354 acres, which were used for the hospital's farms, orchards, livestock, maintenance buildings, employee housing, and park grounds. The Dorothea Dix Cemetery is frozen in time. [13] They invited her as a guest to Greenbank, their ancestral mansion in Liverpool. By the 1930's there were over 2,000 patients. Dorothea Dix . A department for white alcoholics was developed. A photo of the NCDHHS Dorothea Dix Campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Dorothea Dix Hospital 1960 There is a lot of information about Dorothea Dix Hospital. The asylum was heated by steam and lighted by gas manufactured from coal or rosin. Dix, Dorothea Lynde, and David L. Lightner. This location has a commanding view of the city and is believed to be perfectly healthy." [4] Dix was encouraged to take a trip to Europe to improve her health. By 2015 the city council voted to demolish the some of the buildings and turn it into a park. (1976). Frederick, Md: Twenty-First Century Books, 1992.
