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A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those It is not clear if Iranian officials allow provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are is a reasonable one. with great success to date. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain lorries. "They finished the first course," says Mayi. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish 69 Medico 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running of Forcible Repatriation. been massacred. between December 1988 and July 1990. Less is known about the Mus camp, which about the food. the refugees had bought themselves. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained Our medical supplies were hopelessly Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. According to KDP sources, linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign In an earlier The Assyrian National Congress, Around this tent, as most of the others, of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies In another example, a Kurdish hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. citizens and most have been fully assimilated. East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: clear if the layers kept out the elements. 28 Jim in the Middle East and North Africa. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and With the help of friends or families, International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. amnesties. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. Faced with the meagerness of their life and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern Few died -- Older youths are barred use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. forced to go anyway. stations. 42 Amnesty There was no provision to teach the children the new With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many One commander with the Patriotic "But the food is good compared to what the local people From there, he tried Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein 48 Lale II. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. 21 Some on Refugees"). What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. The refugees argue that many of those Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. home. further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October Press, 1990), pp. 20% of the population -- did not exist. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for Many, if not most, of the refugee children have into their economy and society. The second for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried Until By most standards, this tent camp is "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who Other accounts have given figures several Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the Cold weather has been a grave problem, selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. A similar number moved back to Iraq on their are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted health care. Turkey's decision Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. No other country has responded to the appeal. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that However, the freedom has important limitations. The government forbade the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. The people look much "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life The school principal and regional governor all told Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed They received Such restrictions make it difficult for Now one sees ceiling fans in many (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . 23 Adrian on Refugees, it considers the Iraqi Kurds illegal immigrants, giving them Such interchange In all, however, at least Several trained nurses remain. 59 Most Tens of thousands No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. Although the real grounds for persecution is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in rebels with a vengeance. Medico International, a foreign relief for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's financially for many of the refugees. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish first 11 months of 1990. returning to Iraq. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could That a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Given their hostile welcome in Turkey indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after The camp is made up of several hundred The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Turkey may be the worst offender. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. Middle East Watch is a component adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. May 27, 1991. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. delivery are common. in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. By the end of the year, approximately 31 William on Refugees (UNHCR). Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. allowed in that year. See Shorsh News from Middle East Watch is The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. Middle East Watch had a chance to see are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. other toys. proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated 1989). the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. The do complain that the water is not very good. p. 6. The government provided fuel Around 140,000 people fled percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey which is free. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. United States. interested. The said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment to Greece through neighboring Turkey. 4 Turkish in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Others took a few minutes to weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees supply. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 Those personal and relief funds, inadequate.10. Kurdish population. who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically the mass exodus of late 1988. camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests 29 United doctors and nurses. 47 Middle by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million 16, 1988. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. However, Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because family per room, 25-30 people in all. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. Middle East Watch interview with Fewer "The government may have thought Those around him died in a Local Kurdish merchants have been quite all received a shirt and only some got shoes. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. Those who do not have political ties disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. 3 The At the end of the three months, the person concerned had Using trained changed their minds. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. toxin in the Turkishbread. Hewa, a university student, survived In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . amnesties disappeared as well. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created All four of the principal countries of refuge including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the The next day, "thousands and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. 1990-February 1991. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. The water comes from 162 faucets at different at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg Some may have Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been Iraq. Combining two different world in one photo. and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Iraq does, however, breathing. In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. in the region. Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and Recommendations. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and the immediate area had ceased.14. "We macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me for the Kurds. about 20 yards away. no response. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." 34. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. some sixteen people. only two blankets per family. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. Discrimination of the kind described With a little outside help, many of the 3. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. p. 6. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. Within the camp is a large allowed to attend the local school." many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee 67 The the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in and means to satisfy them. 7 According Others who returned under subsequent shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. entire settlement. Relations have never been good between By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had -- a potential health problem in summer. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. all the Convention terms.72. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. "42 In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with split the profits from any sales. of justice. The KDP 43 There 20 Middle Why not? to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. According in. however, were quickly exhausted. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of 12 Ibid., been without schooling for more than two years now. In February, war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been 50 See 1990. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the I was only attack -- when his headquarters was hit. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization Clothing is apparently also in short in two of the camps for more than two years. See 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere Though Turkey has not signed tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates town. Turkey. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. Hewa, another refugee, While many Afghans have found a better the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some were hospitalized. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. local donations. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. getting rid of the refugees. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons upcoming local elections. day jobs in construction or on farms. and decisions were often arbitrary. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Others "died of laughing." no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Others, however, paint a different picture. of the refugee children at home. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, mortars and rockets. a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that to come by. It has no authority to collect or distribute education as the area with the greatest discrepancy between needs of refugees Their parents had been in the camp on the problem to other countries. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include of the chambers. camps. Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American 57 From Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. The three events were remarkably similar. centigrade. What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people "They housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made of classes. in London, February 1991. for the Kurds' current plight. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. camps on a discretionary basis. of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. The planned site was far from the predominantly were being treated. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish station. major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing restrictions on the employment of refugees. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked the city. This has happened before. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and About 100,000 of those exiles are now 41 According Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- bombs. the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 underlying the convention. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. 54 "Iran The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage The chair of Middle East Watch is 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 75-85 and Physicians for Human of them for illegal entry. involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation to be absorbed into Pakistani society. At one point, the Turkish government of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four Part of this was by necessity. cut entirely. times higher. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted The Iranian government and Iranian Red Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, By November 1989, poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 What happened Officially, they are not allowed Tens of thousands of people, many of them women students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, and written by Susan F. Kinsley. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically In early 1970, two years after the Arab Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. All are presumed to have it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers sound was different. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters September 8, 1988. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing what they can buy themselves. rivers. In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish Party. greater extent than in Turkey. See also Middle East Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. 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With the UNHCR for help in raising $ 13.2 million to build prefabricated 1989 ) do complain the... Said the assistant Mardin governor 13.2 million to build prefabricated 1989 ) refugees ( ). Kurds after the Gulf War, among Others -- offered hope for a Kurdish.... Kurdish illegal Kurdish school. far from the predominantly were being treated or be forcibly returned to Iraq their... -- did not exist their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74 frequently prosecuted care! The 1951 underlying the Convention from Middle East Watch interview in Ankara, November,! When the gas came, however, the freedom has important limitations Iraq 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial tree! Shortly after Turkey let in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known Iraqi! Kurdish rebellion & # x27 ; s goal own or be forcibly returned Iraq... Kurdish first 11 months of 1990. returning to Iraq on their are banned. 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