which of the following is an explanatory hypothesisnicknames for the name memphis
I knew you came from Afghanistan. On the evenings before concrete was to be poured, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the next day. Argument doesnt seem to depend on form alone. Conduct the experiment over and over again. One good way to check for simplicitya way typically more useful with singular than with general explanationsis to ask whether the explanation offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Echinacea has no effect on the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. In others, the outcome is first observed, then the explanation is invented to account for it; although these are subject to exactly the same evaluative conditions as the first sort, we can more easily be fooled by them. The scientific method can be more powerful than other ways of knowing because it is more: By applying scientific thinking, one should be able to: Determine whether eating more meat makes you grow taller. The reading in Paris, at sea level, was 30 inches; at the base of the Puy-de-Dome, at 1,300 feet, it was about 28.7 inches; and at the mountains peak, at 4,800 feet, it was about 25.2 inches. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. . This disregard for weather extended even to the pouring of concrete. Some machines require a large number of moving parts to work properly. I was being more careful about my health because I was engaged in the experiment. It must generate testable predictions. Suppose on the camping trip your friend wonders why the water boiled so quickly, and you reply, Because we are at a higher altitude. This is not an argument. her own conscious experience. This is another way of saying that, prior to making any judgment about whether the explanation is true or the outcome has been observed, there would be no good reason to expect the outcome. B. And my wife has never smoked anything. The plumber explanation is burdened with improbabilities: The answer in each case is very infrequently. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. Meteorites provide yet another example. Write a paragraph about the 1760 s in the American colonies in which you use these vocabulary words: Why did Austria-Hungary object to Serbia's desire to establish an independent state? She claims she has never seen that pipe before and doesnt know how it got there. My wife calls mePapa Bear. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. The philosopher Francis Bacon wrote four centuries ago of this experience: When they showed him hanging in a temple a picture of those who had paid their vows as having escaped shipwreck, and would have him say whether he did not now acknowledge the power of the gods, Aye, asked he again, but where are they painted that were drowned after their vows?. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. Suppose I am encouraging you in your fledgling acting career and argue, You are so talented that all the critics who dont praise you are just jealous. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. Aggression facilitates performance. As improbable as the Holocaust explanation ismercifully, such evils happen so seldom that its prior probability is quite lowthe hoax explanation is vanishingly probable. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory But it is possible to specify the lowest hurdle that must be cleared. c. social learning theory Alternative explanation that already exists. Prepare a cost of production report, using the average cost method. Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. B. Also termed the data, the prediction, or the facts. And what is the prior probability of the skill explanation? No more mice. Some historians mark this as the day of the final triumph of the Newtonian over the Cartesian theoretical tradition. A biologist was concerned about the environmental effects of an insecticide being used in his area to kill mosquitos that carried equine encephalitis. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. So the logic of the burglar argument is shown to be weak. They commonly start a large number of small, unpublicized stock funds, each with a different investment strategy, on the assumption that by sheer luck at least one of them will establish a good track record. 1) A complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells. Admit it. But when, having slept in the car, your friend says, This water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level, this is offered as a reason to believe that we are well above sea level. This observable outcome easily follows from the Newtonian explanationthus, it would provide us with an argument with true premises. But when praised for a good landing, the student usually followed with a poorer landing. But Australian psychiatrist Harry Eastwell argues that natives of Austrialias Arnhem Land help the hex by blocking off life-support systems, especially access to water. e. modeling, c. an interaction of situations and personal beliefs, The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be Gilbert Harman is associated with the phrase. Please give like. According to the given data. This point is not lost on investment companies. Skeptics have suggested another explanation: Perhaps this is because of peculiarities in each islands food. General explanationan explanation that can apply to a wide range of observable outcomes. Suppose, for example, that on a camping trip to the mountains you say to your friend, This pot of water boiled quickly at this altitude; so all water boils quickly at this altitude. The premise and conclusion are both about the boiling of water at this altitude. b. frustration-aggression theory Individuals have an innate predisposition to be aggressive, which builds up and eventually must be expressed. Write a paragraph explaining your point of view. Webe. Repression is the mechanism by which we push out of awareness and into our unconscious memories of deeply traumatic childhood experiences. But you would have done far better to propose, Seven is not in the set. If you had been right, you not only would have confirmed your preferred even-numbers answer, but also you would have ruled out the whole-numbers alternativethereby improving the logical support for your answer. If hes her father, then he will go to great lengths to take care of her. He selected two small habitats with similar vegetation and similar-sized blue jay populations (about 120 birds) with equal reproductive rates. I never thought it would work, but I read somewhere that we should get a cat if we wanted to rid ourselves of the mice in the garage. For explanatory arguments there are two main parts to the total evidence condition: the outcome must be sufficiently improbable and the explanation must be sufficiently probable. 1. So the arguments logic must be considered weak. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. Bring it all together by fully clarifying and evaluating the explanatory arguments in each of these passages. a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play Which of the following is (are) NOT among criteria for judging aggression? But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. The first part of the total evidence condition is that the observable outcome must have a low prior epistemic probability. If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. d. all of the above What is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life"? The explanation must be sufficiently probable. Premise 2 is probably true. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality? This is an example of. I hope this explains it for all hands. Dear Pete: Sorry, no help from this corner for a plumber who cant keep track of his pipes. A 17-pound meteorite of unknown origin was found in Antarctica. A steady, respectable, middle-aged man, too, on the face of himall facts which led me to believe that he had been a sergeant. Wonderful! I ejaculated. When I went back to that house, the door was open and I could hear a loud argument coming from another room, so I sneaked in and quietly retrieved my pipe. An intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. The leading alternative explanation is that the manager has succeeded by sheer luck. From 20 percent to 25 percent more eggs under the filters hatched successfully than those that were unshielded. , I can remember, not long ago, listening to a pal rail about a mutual friends apparently overwhelming need to flirt with every man in a given room. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. A hypothesis attempts to explain natural phenomenon and can be tested through experimentation; a theory attempts to summarize a large expanse of natural phenomenon and has already been tested thoroughly without contradictory results. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. All of these. . Draw conclusions and make revisions. Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Such arguments are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. Which occurs more frequentlyburglars or butterfingers? . Step 5. Normally scientists can trace meteorites back to comets and asteroids, debris left over from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. My wife claims she doesnt know what happened to it. H. Huxley, letter, September 23, 1860. A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. A later investigation showed that there was indeed a correlation between TM and warmer weather, but an even stronger correlation between TM and the preceding afternoons forecast of warmer weather for the next day. The plumber says he went to a house, while the man says he lives in an apartment; how often does someone make that sort of mistake? Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. The fallacy of affirming the consequent is a fallacy only of arguments that rely solely on form for their logical successthat is to say, it is a fallacy of deductive arguments. 1& 0\\ Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. Explanation: For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. The problem, the supervisor decided, simply stemmed from somebodys mishandling of the frame. For each of the brief explanatory arguments, identify the explanation and offer a more precise observable outcome that would lower its prior probability and thus make the argument logically stronger. Hypotheses and theories not supported by trustworthy and methodical scientific studies. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. The experimental subjects do not know which (if any) treatment they are receiving. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. e. a and c, In the case study of head football coach Tom Martinez, Coach Martinez dealt with the area of aggressive play by In another example, continental drift initially was reasonably rejected as the explanation for the striking biological and geological similarities between continents that are widely separated by oceans because there was no known mechanism for the drift. Butterfingers, of course. A measurable entity that is created by the process being observed and whose value cannot be controlled; generally represented on the y- axis in a graph and expected to change in response to a change in the independent variable. Healthy people who rate their health as poor know enough about their health to know that they are not as healthy as healthy people who rate their health as excellent. Given that they are elderly and in the low end of the healthy group, they will die sooner. Further, we have a conceptual framework for Buffets skillthe causal mechanism makes sensefor his strategies have been widely publicized, and the small handful of others who have had the discipline to follow them have also succeeded over the long run. Explanatory argumentan argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise states that the explanation really does enable you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. Suppose I say to you, If he is from Chicago, then he is from Illinoisand he is indeed from Illinois, so he must be from Chicago. You cant be absolutely sure without some wider context, but it normally wouldnt make sense for me to explain someones residency in Illinois by pointing to his residence in Chicago. Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. Just watchas my horoscope says, something will disappoint me today. The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the finches on an island one year. In a short paragraph, identify the explanation, discuss why it may be unfalsifiable, and explain how this results in a problem with the first part of the total evidence condition. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. Concrete, according to the campus architect, was poured whenever the schedule required and the necessary materials were available. It is an argument. e. as a linear function, The general aggression model proposes that the probability of aggression increases because of Here is one of the classic exchanges:[4], Dear Abby: Im a traveling man whos on the road five days a week. It must establish an alternative explanation for a phenomenon. No one would have expected a comet in December 1758 unless they were assuming the Newtonian explanation; such an event would have been extremely improbable. Would it require the world to function in mysterious ways or in ways that differ dramatically from the ways that are well established by science? WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? But in an Oregon State University study that was replicated several times, wild frog eggs were placed in 72 cages, some with filters that let all sunlight inside except UV radiation. 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